Nigeria: An Economic Misnomer for Sixty-Three Years

By Enajite Enajero, Ph.D.

 

 

 

His Excellency,

 

Bola Ahmed Tinubu, President

 

Federal Republic of Nigeria

 

 

 

Dear Mr. President,

 

I must first congratulate you for becoming the President of Nigeria. Nigeria is faced with so many challenges. The problem facing Nigeria is not only that of reducing poverty, but also that of saving a chunk of humanity by creating the capacity to coalesce the most populous Black Country into the comity of developed nations.

 

Some might think Nigeria becoming a developed nation will not occur in the foreseeable future. The purpose of this letter is to assure the president that Nigeria could become a developed nation if only it applied the appropriate development model at its economic stage.  Also, the country’s future cannot be charted by only one person or a few people.  All Nigerians, especially those in the Diaspora, will have to participate either by relocating back to Nigeria or by contributing well-thought ideas from abroad.

 

In August 2016, I had the opportunity to interview with a University in Nigeria after numerous attempts to be on the ground in Nigeria or any part of Africa.  I had an interview with the same university five years earlier but was not successful. I believed teaching and researching in Africa would afford me the opportunity to feel economics as taught, discussed, and practiced in Africa.  The continent has been brutalized by all human qualities measured by economic indices. Thus, it becomes imperative for well-meaning people with flowing adrenaline to tackle the economic challenges in Africa. 

 

During the interview, after the introduction and discussions about the position, the first question given to me by one of the interviewers was: “Is Nigeria in a recession?”  Surprised, but confirmed my fears during my school years that African nations, at their stage of development, were practicing the wrong economics.  Is Nigeria in a recession? I asked myself, when was Nigeria in an economic peak? We know from the introductory economics discussing business cycles that a nation must be producing at a peak, when resources, especially labor, are fully utilized and then cool off to a recession. Since independence, one cannot point to any period in the history of the country that everyone who wished to work was employed in Nigeria. Characterizing the situation in the country as a recession at any time in its history is flattering but deceptive. Also, it is tantamount to describing a passenger jetliner as descending and about to land when actually it is sitting in a terminal, still boarding, and not even on the runway. It was a misnomer to construe any period of Nigeria’s economy as a recession.  

 

Yes, the Nigerian economy is akin to other economies in Africa that are still “boarding” a gigantic jetliner at their stage of economic development. Unfortunately, mainstream economics does not emphasize the boarding stage because it would be contradictory to the basic tenets of mainstream economic theories founded on the concept of “rational choice.” These theories are constructed on “what ought to be,” an “ideal situation,” and the benchmark of efficiency. Moreover, these theories comply with the political principles of freedom and liberty. However, the economic history of developed nations would reveal that “what ought to be,” or an “ideal situation” may not be practicable. Therefore, at this stage of Nigeria’s economic development, it is imperative to discuss workable models. Before then, I wish to discuss the second question posed during the interview with my potential employer in Nigeria’s academia. 

 

The next question during the interview was less shocking: “Do you believe in money as an economic tool?” I pondered again. In a society with scanty transactions and speculative motives for money, how does money work? Yes, I believe in money; however, money works well depending on money demand, which is a function of transaction and speculative motives, aka, the financial market. There are no mortgage markets. Except for imports, there is no market for automobiles, no vast market for furniture and kitchen utensils, no market for repair men, and very few borrow to start a business. All the transactions are “cash and carry.”

 

Yes, the central bank buys and sells government securities, which is the major function of notable central banks of the world, but how many Nigerians, retirement funds, or foreign investors are holding Nigerian government securities? If there is a money market, only a handful of Nigerians participate because the majority of Nigerians remain in a deep subsistence life, let alone invest their wealth in government securities.  In the early households, for example, the men were hunting, and the women were gathering; the households were independent of each other, and transactions were unnecessary. Thus, money was not needed.  Subsistence life in Africa is one rung higher than the practices of early humans.  Heavy transactions are necessary to make money meaningful.  For money to have an impact on the gross domestic product (GDP), transactions far above the subsistence level will be needed. 

 

Perhaps, my interviewer meant M1 (coins, currency plus checking accounts), and not M2.  Even if he meant M1, the currency content of M1 in some countries is less than 50% of what is referred to as money in the economic sense.  Besides, billions of the Nigerian currency, the Naira, were reportedly set ablaze for ritual purposes or buried in officials’ backyards and abandoned buildings because they were ill-gotten. In these scenarios, money defies its mnemonic role in society, because money is not in transactions and not in circulation.

 

Therefore, the two questions during my interview were intertwined.  A recession is when economic activities or transactions slow down, not because the price of oil dropped to $20-$25 a barrel as it was in August 2016. Theoretically, when the price of an essential input such as oil drops, it is good for business, and it is a period of economic recovery for most nations of the world. If it was otherwise in Nigeria due to sole reliance on one global commodity, that was not a recession; it was a result of economic dysfunction. Thus, Nigeria is operating a counter-cyclical economy. In addition, money matters in a society because it facilitates transactions. When transactions are flat, based on the quantity theory and the velocity of money as discussed in the 1970s, money is neutral.  Meaning it has no impact on output but only on prices.  That is the experience in many African nations.

 

A passenger jetliner must board all its passengers in the terminal before departure.  Nigeria and the rest of Africa seem to believe that they could skip the stage of economic onboarding, the development stage of making the economic man, the stage of democratizing the economy, the stage of mobilizing the people, and, best of all, the stage of creating an egalitarian society.  People are more crucial elements of an economy than oil and gas. People consume, spend, engage in entrepreneurship, and make transactions. Oil and gas do not. Therefore, the first stage of economic development is to be inclusive and induce people into making transactions. This agrees with the development theory in evolutionary economics that economic development occurs through changes in the ‘habits of thought.’  Thus, economic development must be people focused.

 

For the new administration, it must not be business as usual and must realize Nigeria’s stage of economic development. Therefore at this onboarding stage, the federal, state and local governments need to collaborate and align the desires of the people with the development objectives of the nation. What are the desires of the people? Which goods are in the utility function of Nigerians? Utility is an economic jargon for satisfaction or pleasure. 

 

To be less technical, I refer to utility function as the happiness function.  What makes people happy in addition to food and clothing? They are standardized affordable homes, education, healthcare, and transportation. These are the lifetime ambitions of every household in the entire world to own and live in a home with inner plumbing.  They also wish their children receive a good education, affordable healthcare, and subsidized public transportation. These could be produced by low-to-medium skilled workers that are abundant in Nigeria. Furthermore, affordable homes are, in the long-run, self-financed, and it does not require Forex. Therefore, in economics, it is self-contradictory that a nation has homes to build, roads to construct, education, healthcare, transportation, and safety to provide, yet a good percentage of youths are unemployed. There is a coordination problem.

 

Fortunately, the process of onboarding, making money matter, and moving people from subsistence life are related. These are supported by transactions or economic activities. Any federal government administration, in collaboration with the state and local governments, can taxi the Nigerian economy to the runway, and ready for takeoff.  The outcome of the appropriate policy could result in 25-30% GDP growth in the first year if properly implemented, and the rate subsequently drops gradually as the economy approaches its potential production level––That is, producing on the production possibility frontier.  Then, we are ready for capital accumulation, the second stage of economic development. Evidence in many developed countries began with providing these infrastructures (social capital), then financial and physical capital started flowing in.

 

Therefore, Mr. President, the purpose of this letter is for you to re-examine the existing development model of this country, whether it has outlived its purpose, and whether it is time, the country considered a different development approach2.  An approach focused on the people rather than oil for Forex for elephant projects, many of which remain non-functional after 63 years.  People are economic agents; they bear the burden of an economy, and they also ferry an economy through good and bad times.   

 

Yours sincerely,

 

Enajite Enajero, Ph.D. (Economics)

 

B.Sc. (Accounting)

 

African Association for Evolutionary Economics

 

www.aafee.org

 

Rotary Sues collaboration to fight Environmental challenges in Rivers

Rotary Club Eco Rivers State says it is seeking collaborative efforts to fight environmental challenges in Rivers state and the Niger Delta.

 

Speaking to Newsmen on the sideline of his installation ceremony  as the 3rd President, Rotary club of Port Harcourt Eco and the induction of the Board of Directors last week , Rtn. Dr Anthony Ikpor says that the club "is dedicated to  bringing solutions to the environmental challenges in Rivers state and the Niger Delta area" even as he employed the general public, good spirited individuals and the government to work towards a healthy and sustainable environment.

 

Continuing, Ikpor maintained that the mangrove trees have been depleted and destroyed and that was what Rotary Club Eco is fighting to reclaim by planting over 20, 000 trees both economic and aesthetic in the few years to come.

 

Speaking further, Ikpor, a Doctorate degree holder in Political Science (International Relations)from the University of Nigeria Nssuka and and an alumnus of Abia State university Uturu who is also an astute banking executive, averred that "globally the environment( climate change) was of serious concern that needed attention among scientists, researchers, policy makers state and non state actors as a result of its dire consequences on man and his activities."

 

According to him, the nature and manifestation of climate change is evident in the continued increase in temperature, variable rain fall, rise in sea level, flooding, drought and desertification, land degradation, extreme weather conditions, water scarcity, loss of biodiversity among others.

 

Ikpor, an award winning management consultant and member, Nigerian Institute of management and a versatile business negotiator, noted that  based on the above, it has become a thrust of the Rotary club Port Harcourt Eco to create an awareness campaign on climate change mitigation and adoption with a view to reducing and curbing greenhouse gas emissions and vulnerability of climate change through the club's lofty projects to the people .


He listed such projects as Saving Mother and child project, an Advocacy for family planning for women of Reproductive age, monthly environmental sanitation and awareness campaign/Advocacy in schools and public places and donation of receptacles, Tree planting Advocacy in public places and mangrove preservation campaigns

 

Others include community sensitization on flooding and provision of direct succor to direct victims,

Pad-a girl project and scholarship for four indigent students in Nigerian universities and waste to wealth project which he said would be in collaboration with corporate bodies and sister clubs.

 

In his contribution, the President elect Rotary Eco, Rtn. Dr Bieye Renner Briggs scored government low on their effort to ensure an environmental and friendly Eco system.


He said the environment provides everything we need, air, water, medicine, all the comfort we need but human beings must reciprocate the gesture by ensuring that we protect and conserve it for healthy living by planting trees and cleaning up the environment.

 

On the government involvement in environmental advocacy, Dr Briggs, who is a public health physician and an environmental advocate, lambasted the government for not doing enough.

 

According to him, he could only score the government 15%, saying government is supposed to protect the environment with the numerous environmental laws but the reverse was the case noting that for two weeks now, there were two incidents of oil spillage in Ogoni axis of Rivers state without concrete efforts by the company concern to stop the spillage.

 

He therefore called on the people and government to always take the issue of the environment seriously for a healthy living.

 

Also speaking, the chairperson, installation committee,  Rtn. Sele May Aso described Rtn. Dr. Anthony Ikpor as a dedicated, committed, professional and passionate member who  has exhibited high values and dexterity even as she expressed  her unwavering belief that Rtn Anthony will push for actionable policies that would impact positively on the environment, noting, that "Rotary Port Harcourt Eco chartered three years ago  is the first in Nigeria and second in Africa with a unique focus on the environment, equipped with the vision and mission of ensuring a pollution free and safe environment for all " She however, enjoined every member to adopt the Rotary 4-Way Test in everything they do even as the club inaugurated new board and new members.

 

Earlier, the chartered President, Rotary club Eco, Port Harcourt Rtn. Emem Okon who had showered encomium on Rtn. Dr Anthony Ikpor as a reliable, humble, accommodating and dedicated Rotarian who is interested in the environment said she has no doubt in her mind that Ikpor would perform optimally for the protection of the EcoSystem and betterment of the Niger Delta people whose environment has been devastated over the years.

 

In his valedictory speech, the immediate Past president, Rotary Port Harcourt Eco Rtn Davis Okarevu has stressed the need for a successful succession in every association saying that "it is a truism that as a leader one will ascend to lead and play his part then give way for others to lead too" insisting that he believed that was the greatest achievement of a leader. He then thanked all his members for their support during his tenure.

 

The event also featured an exhibition, lecture by Prof. Winston Bell-Gam on Mitigating Flood in Niger Delta Region, fund Raising among others.

The Era of operating without customs License will soon be a thing of the past - ANLCA National president

The National President Association of Nigerian Licensed Customs Agents (ANLCA)  Mr Emenike Nwokeoji has said that the era of operating without license as a clearing Agent will soon be a thing of the past.

 

Speaking to members of ANLCA Eastern Zone, who trooped in their numbers to welcome him Monday, in Port Harcourt the Rivers state capital after returning from the recently concluded ANLCA election, he said "operating without a license is limiting yourselves" even as he insisted that going forward, the licenses would begin to count for effective operation as a licensed customs agent.

 

“Don't operate without any license. Get your license to avoid operating like a tout.” He admonished.

 

Nwokeoji who promised assistance for those trying to get their operating licenses said people can form corporatives to enable them raise the finance to do that noting that even when such is done and jobs captured, every individual would know the job that belongs to him.

 

Nwokeoji who had paid glowing tribute to Chief Sir Ernest Elochukwu and other ANLCA members for the massive support he got , said his victory was made possible by God Almighty "our coming back with this glory that belongs to God, is that if you're determined the sky is your limit" he insisted, even as he promised that "with your support and God on our side, we shall make a positive impact" adding that "no leader can perform beyond the support of the people he is leading."

 

Continuing, he said I will only asked let's not chicken out, let's work together for the upliftment our

association

 

Contributing, the former National president, and now a BoT member, chief Ernest Elochukwu said election was now over, insisting that all ANLCA members should come on board to build a formidable, respectful and purposeful association that will take its place in nation building.

 

He said in the past, people were enthroned into positions because they were favoured not merited but today, a right thing has been done through the election of Mr. Emenike Nwokeoji as the national president of ANLCA.

 

He however, solicited for the maximum support of the Eastern Zone to enable him succeed even as he admonished that members should desist from thinking of their individual gains but how to move that association forward.

 

In his remarks, the former eastern zonal Chairman, chief Uche Martins said that he was optimistic that Mr. Emenike would succeed. He noted that with Emenike on the ANLCA National saddle, the Association is in good hands. He enjoined every member to accord him and his team the need support.

 

To Dr Chinyere Celestina Okere,  the zonal secretary, it was wonderful working among men. She thanked God for all he has done and charged every ANLCA member to come together to strengthen the Association. She regretted that the crisis which engolfed ANLCA for some years now, has robbed it of successes.

 

But she said, going forward, ANLCA is positioned to take back her rightful position even as added that the Association would continue to partner with the Nigerian customs service as a united body for effective service delivery.

 

The event featured cultural displays including the famous Ohafia War Dance among others

 

 By Bon Peters,

 

Port Harcourt, Rivers State

 

PH Area 1, Customs Revenue up by 10.6% as it Rakes In Over N57 Billion in 7months

The Nigeria Customs Service Area 1, Command Port Harcourt Rivers state says that despite some daunting challenges in the Maritime sector, the Command had been able to generate and collect the total sum of Fifty Seven Billion, Four Hundred and Five Million, Eight hundred and Thirty Four Thousand, Four hundred and Twenty Naira and Sixty Eight Kobo (₦57,405,834,420.68) from January to July, 2023.

Disclosing this to newsmen Monday in Port Harcourt, the Rivers state capital, the Customs Area 1 Controller, Comptroller CD Wada said When compared to the corresponding period of 2022, which stood at Fifty One Billion, Eight Hundred and Sixty Eight Million, Three hundred and Thirty Four Thousand, Three hundred and Ten Naira, and Fifty One Kobo (₦51,868,334,310.51),there was a  significant difference of Five Billion, Five Hundred and Thirty Seven Million, Five Hundred Thousand, One hundred and Ten Naira (₦5,537,500,110.00)which was realized. 

According to him, the difference in these figures represents a 10.6 per cent increase in the revenue figure.

He noted that apart from the month of April where the Maritime sector experienced a global shipping downtime, which affected the revenue of the Command’s records, every other month had surpassed its corresponding months of the year 2022, adding that  the significant milestone was achieved in the month of March where the sum of Eleven Billion, Six Hundred and Seventy Five Million, Nine Hundred and Eighteen Thousand, Six Hundred and Thirty Seven Naira and Ninety Nine Kobo (₦11,675,918,637.99) was realized, as against Eight Billion, Three Hundred and Ten Million, Nine Hundred and Seventy Eight Thousand, Nine Hundred and Thirty Three Naira and Sixty Nine Kobo (₦8,310,978,933.69) of March 2022.

Comptroller Wada however, stressed that such "feat could not have been achieved without painstakingly engaging with our critical stakeholders through several forms of sensitization programs and other forms of training particularly on issues of Non-conformity with statutory clearance procedures." even as he emphasized that  the feedback the Command got could be attributed to some of their successes. He said the Command also insisted that all unpaid assessment must be paid.

Speaking on intervention, in terms of additional value through interventions, the Command generated a total sum of Nine Hundred and Eighty Eight Million, One Hundred and Twenty Seven Thousand, Five Hundred and Four Naira (₦988,127,504) in the period under review. He added that "this interventions were derived from Demand Notices (DN) issued to importers with infractions on their importation." 

In the aspect of Anti-Smuggling activities, Comptroller Wada also disclosed that the Command had put more emphasis on 100 percent physical examination policy of the service, and as a result, some containers suspected to have falsely declared had been placed under detention, pending further investigation. Comptroller warned any would be smuggler to avoid Area 1 Command, as according to him their containers would be seized and culprits arrested and prosecuted in the court of law. 

Speaking further, he stated that within the period under review, the Command had embarked on a working tour to Bayelsa and Ahoada Out-Stations to appraise the Customs activities in those Areas saying "the visit to Bayelsa State also afforded us the opportunities to pay courtesy visits to the heads of other Government Security agencies. The purpose of this visit was to seek further collaboration and synergy with them in order to foster a better working relationship and to achieve National interest in line with the extant guidelines."

I am very optimistic that with the Command’s strategy of maximizing the collection of Customs duties, other levies, and payment of all unpaid assessments, the Command will surpass the revenue collected in 2022 even as he said 

“We cannot thank the Ag. Comptroller General of Customs BA Adeniyi MFR and his management team enough for their timely support and encouragement towards the achievements of these successes." 

"Also a big thank you goes to the stakeholders, especially the compliant traders among them and the distinguished gentlemen of the press for their professional reportage.

 

Written by Bon Peters

 Rivers State, Port Harcourt

 

Ibori, Symbol of Unity, Says Uduaghan

 ....Praises Ex-Delta Governor For Building Infrastructure, Institutions, People

 

 .....Calls Him Exceptional, Courageous Man

 

Former Delta State Governor, Chief James Onanefe Ibori, has been described as a rare gem, prime nationalist and redeemer of the masses.

 

“Chief James Onanefe Ibori is a leader of great stature, a symbol of unity and the well-being of individuals within and outside the country”, the Alema of Warri Kingdom, High Chief Emmanuel Oritsejolomi Uduaghan, said on Monday.

 

Uduaghan in a statement in Abigborodo acknowledged Ibori’s ability, will,   humility and dogged commitment to the Nigerian project.

 

He praised the heroic deeds of the former Delta State governor in the struggles leading up to the abrogation of the onshore/offshore dichotomy.

 

“Delta State is blessed to have a personality of great honour and a man of the people in person of Chief James Onanefe Ibori.”

 

Popularly called “Mr. Resource Control”, Uduaghan described Ibori as a brave man, bridge builder and totally detribalized Nigerian.

 

He commended Ibori for giving a new dimension to Nigerian politics, promoting harmony, diversity, and inclusivity.

 

“Chief James Ibori is a practical, rational person by temperament. He is also a fine example of how to contribute while not holding a legal post” the business mogul said.

 

The statement underscored strength, encouragement, purposeful direction, Nigeria’s unity, peace and stability.

 

The statement also emphasized problem solving capacity, Ibori’s policy of accommodation, foresight in economic development, his magnificent achievements in the country and Uduaghan’s deepest respect for the former governor of Delta State.

 

Particularly, the man of high title applauded Ibori for providing important political guidance on the development of Nigeria, upholding Christian values, strengthening the traditional institution of family, putting feelings first and responding to the needs of the people with understanding regardless of their appearance, reputation or mood.

 

“Thank you for the great job you do for the family, Delta State and for our country” Uduaghan, a brilliant, very generous and tolerant man, said.

 

Ending the statement, the Warri High Chief and Chief Executive Officer of Webster Group of Companies said “I wish His Excellency robust health, much joy, unlimited strength and energy, as well as productive activities to the benefit of the Nigerian people.”

Ogonis in Diaspora Wants Nigerian Senator Barinadaa Mpigi Investigated For Murder

 The National Union of Ogoni Students, USA, also known as NUOS USA, a not-for-profit refugee agency with headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona, has called on Nigeria's Acting Inspector General of Police to direct the Rivers State Police Commissioner to launch an investigation into the alleged involvement of Senator Barinada Mpigi in the attempted murder of Chief Gani Topba. Gani Topba was shot  in Bori, Ogoni.on Sunday, March 12, 2023. He survived that attack.

 

President of NUOS USA, Freddie Idamkue made the call in a statement released at the end of its mid-year emergency meeting held in Phoenix Arizona USA. Idamkue said the insecurity situation was creating a refugee crisis and forcing migrations especially in Ogoni where a lot of high profile killings are never investigated. 

 

Chief Gani Topba had on Saturday July 22, 2023 while featuring on "Point Blank", a current affairs radio programme on Super FM 93.3 Port Harcourt accused the current Senator representing Rivers South East Senatorial District Barinada Mpigi of being behind the assassination attempt.

 

Chief Gani Topba had also accused the Senator of poisoning the former governor of Rivers State, Nyesom Wike on two occasions.

 

Reacting to the allegation, Idamkue said the police cannot treat such a weighty allegation lightly especially given the level of high profile killings which has ravaged Ogoni without anyone being held accountable.

 

Chief Gani Topba had challenged the Senator, Barinada Mpigi to act in denial of the allegations by petitioning the state security if the allegations are false.

 

Idamkue said Senator Mpigi was also named in the January 2nd 2020 assassination attempt on the life of the president of MOSOP, Fegalo Nsuke. MOSOP President Nsuke escaped by the whiskers and remained in police detention for two days before his release in the late evening of January 4.

 

Citing other high profile killings in the Ogoni area,  Idamkue said Barr. Joseph Paago, a university lecturer was adopted in Kira, and murdered in cold blood in Agbonchia Eleme  on his way to Port-Harcourt. The police have not identified his assailants since then.

 

Richard Nimaa, a MOSOP chieftain and an aspirant for the chairmanship of Khana local government area of Rivers State and native of Sogho was assassinated in his home in Eleme just before the party primary elections. 

 

In 2010, Mr Pius Gbarazia, an Ogoni born Canadian who visited Nigeria and a lecturer at the Elechi Amadi Polytechnic, Port Harcourt, Engr. Clement Faah, both native of Yeghe in Gokana local government, were killed by gunmen in their hometown. There have been no investigations into those killings.

 

On 25th, March 2019, Mr. Fidelis Nwiyor,  a Director of Federal Ministry Education who visited his home town Bien-Gwara for his brother's funeral was assassinated without arrest or investigation until date.

 

It is disturbing that relatives, like the wife of late Dr.Lucky Kina,  a Port-Harcourt based ophthalmologist assassinated on 24th November 2018 and others who attempt to seek justice for the victims are trailed by assailants (unknown gunmen) who kill and persecute citizens with impunity.

 

Prior to the 2016 election rerun for the Rivers South East Senatorial District, at least 26 persons were killed including traders and students who came to the Ken Saro-Wiwa Polytechnic to pick up their NYSC call-up letters. No one had been held accountable for these killings.

 

The disappearance of notable persons and killing of political actors is  something that deserves more serious attention especially with the revelation by Chief Gani Topba that Senator Barinada Mpigi is responsible for the attack and attempt to murder him in March 2023.

 

NUOS expects and demands that public officers and a serving Senator, as in this instance, should live above board and uphold the integrity that is expected of holders of such positions. 

 

NUOS USA notes that it is particularly striking that Chief Gani Topba during the radio programme challenged Senator to prove him wrong and repeatedly emphasised his readiness to prove his case.

 

NUOS USA makes bold to state its rejection of people whose credibility are questionable from holding public offices that require trust and integrity and notes that this instance involving Senator Barinada Mpigi is not only an embarrassment to the nation but could suggest a strong alliance between the police and criminal elements in the Ogoni area if no serious action is taken.

 

Recalling the role of some police officers in the attempt on the life of the president of MOSOP on January 2, 2020, NUOS USA believes that an investigation into the strong allegations made by Chief Topbaa will not only expose one of the criminal cabals in Ogoni but also help the dwindling reputation and negative image held about the Nigerian Police especially in respect of dealing with politically motivated murders.

 

 

Signed

 

Freddie Idamkue

President