NDDC: Who is afraid of the President’s Order for a Forensic Audit?

The Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) was established in the 3rd Quarter of the Year 2000, under the Act No.6 of the National Assembly which provides for the repeal of the defunct Oil Mineral Producing Areas Commission Decree 1998. This bold move was geared towards a re-organized management structure for an effective Commission by the Federal Government, in favour of the Oil producing areas of the Nigeria, otherwise referred to as the Niger Delta region.

The agitation for resource control by the Niger Delta region which has resulted in the 13 percent derivation fund, paid directly to the Niger Delta States, is obviously not commensurate to tackle the ecological challenges and environmental degradation which is the Siamese twins of oil exploration. The NDDC was therefore envisioned to stand in the gap, as a direct presence of the Federal Government in the region.

After 19 years of the establishment of NDDC, it is worrisome, that the vision of the founding fathers has remained far-fetched, rather, the Commission became a prisoner of sorts, to vested interests who had turned it into an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). The annual budget of NDDC, which runs into billions of Naira has not made deeply felt impact in the lives of the people of the region. It turns out that a few people have become billionaires by constantly calling the shots in the Commission. Nobody dares ask any questions, else, one would have dared to ask how NDDC awards contracts for the supply of desks and chairs, to schools in the region, to the same contractor, at over N3bn annually. There is evidence that this annual contract is never executed. Rather, the contractor delivers a couple of desks and chairs to his own warehouse, and uses same to service similar contracts from State Governments in the Niger Delta region.

The rot in the Commission had eaten to deep that despite billions of Naira allocated to meaningful projects, only activities like “Training”, "Desilting", "Solar Power" and “Workshop” get quick attention, and gulp huge sums of money, like the N6.4 billion that generated controversy, sometime ago. The IMC of NDDC reportedly received a request for payment of some phantom skills acquisition programme, to the tune of N3.842bn, representing about 60 percent of the total sum of N6.404bn. The refusal of the IMC to honour such spurious request, it is believed, is partly the reason for the numerous petitions and "sudden" probe.

President Mohammadu Buhari chose to rejig the Commission after several scandals and petitions bothering on fraud, but decided that it will be worthwhile to know the history of funding of the Commission, so as to chart a course for the future. This resulted in the Forensic Audit of the 19 years of the Commission, which, of course, includes the first 4 years of the Buhari administration.

No sooner had the Audit began, than fireworks rented the air, in the guise of petitions. A barrage of petition has inundated the Presidency, all in an attempt to stop the audit.

When it seemed like the petition wouldn’t yield the desired result, the sponsors of the faceless group of petitioners resorted to using another arm of the Government, to stop the President. This time, they resorted to the National Assembly!

It may sound funny, but how come the National Assembly wants to probe, as a matter of urgency, the Prof. Kemebradikumo Daniel Pondei led Interim Management Committee (IMC), charged by the President to run the affairs of the Commission during the period of the Forensic Audit? One would have expected that any lapses stemming from the audit, would be addressed upon completion of the audit but the haste to initiate an audit of the supervisors of the Audut looms a garb of a well-conceived distraction attempt.

Obviously, the forensic audit will expose contract padding and duplication, multiple contracts by selected folder companies, shady and underhand dealings of colluding Civil Servants, including those who resort to petitions when affected by routine transfer, from the “juicy” Headquarters among other anomalies.

It appears that the bold move by the Minister for Niger Delta Affairs, Sen. Godswill Akpabio to usher in a new lease of life at the Harold Dappa Biriye building, Headquarters of the NDDC, by redeploying some of the old hands there, meant a threat of extinction to those who have, over the years, made brisk business with those contacts. The uproar that trailed the transfer is not ordinary. The outcry has dwarfed that of a baby hastily withdrawn from the mother’s breast!

It is important to note, at this juncture, that the Civil Servants are just small fishes, in the big river of things happening in NDDC. They are, though, indispensable in the happenings, but small fishes, nonetheless.

It is alleged in some quarters that the major clog in the wheels of progress of the Niger Delta region are those in whose hands it is to create the enabling laws for the success of the NDDC. And as an Ex-lawmaker, Sen. Akpabio is obviously bringing to bear, his wealth of experience in the National Assembly, which only complements his experience as an Ex- Governor of a critical oil producing state in Nigeria, Akwa Ibom State.  No wonder he quickly cancelled the consultancy contracts for the collection of statutory payments of 3 percent of the annual budget of oil companies in the region. These contracts which were being handled by Candour Capital Limited as well as Starline, was a huge surge pipe for siphoning billions of naira accruing to the NDDC, which was paid to these contractors as their “commission.” The companies are believed to be owned by former and serving Legislators, Politicians, albeit through fronts. The cancellation of these contracts certainly unsettled the real owners of the companies, and so, the move to probe the IMC, while they are yet to complete their 19 years audit, needs no further explanation. It is what it is; a distraction!

Apart from these consultancy contracts, most of these legislators, especially those heading the various Committees on NDDC and Niger Delta, in the National Assembly, allegedly have several funny contracts, to their name, most of which are fully paid for, but never executed. A certain Senator from Delta state and a House of Reps member from Ondo state were fingered in this regard. Yet these contacts are an annual feature in the budget of the Commission. These are among the various infractions in the Commission that the forensic audit was meant to unravel. 

Again, it is worrisome that the NDDC, has after 19 years, not been able to complete her Headquarters complex, in Rivers state. Thus, NDDC, has remained a tenant, at the Harold Dappa Biriye House, where they were paying a whooping N300m annually, even when evidence shows that the building was a donation by the Rivers State Government under Dr Peter Odili, a decision that is yet to be rescinded! It is a matter of probe for the Forensic Auditors to ascertain who is fraudulently collecting this money. This amount, ordinarily, should be a reason to hasten the completion of the Headquarters, to stop the bleeding of scarce resources, but how can that be when there are people gladly fishing in the troubled waters? 

This is also the situation in most state offices of the NDDC. The Imo State office of the Commission,

for example, which is located along Owerri-Port Harcourt road, near the Appeal Court Complex, has not seen any activity in years. It was abandoned on the first floor. Who knows if checks may reveal that provision is made in the annual budget of the Commission for this project.

This piece should not be misconstrued as an attempt to shield the IMC from probe. No! The IMC is peopled by equally falling humans, who must, by nature, have their flaws. It therefore means that they’re not foolproof. But it is only reasonable to allow them complete the very daunting task of a holistic audit of the Commission, after which their own tenure will be scrutinized. This will ensure that there is no compromise and that the very wonderful idea of a forensic audit is not botched.

To this end, the various studs thrown at the IMC, only gives one primary indication; some people are definitely not comfortable with the reality of a forensic audit.

So, who is afraid of the probe?

Is it the IMC that has spent only 6 months in office? What harm would have been dobe in 6 months, that 'urgently' needs to be addressed, so urgently, that the forensic audit of 19 years should be thrown under the bus?

Is it possible that the 6 months old IMC has seen more funds, in a COVID-19 era of crashed oil prices, than the last 19 years, some of which were an era oil boom?

One can easily deduce that someone, somewhere is dead-scared of the outcome of the NDDC Forensic Audit, and can do anything to make sure it does not succeed. These faceless enemies of the region must be stopped and the Forensic Audit concluded in record time, for the benefit of the beleaguered people of the Niger Delta region.

It is no gainsaying that Sen. Godswill Akpabio and the IMC need the support of all the Niger Deltans, at this time, to help stop the NDDC cabal that has taken into their custody the collective patrimony of the people of the region.

President Muhammadu Buhari must not allow himself to be misled into endorsing such an attempt at undermining his good intentions to sanitize the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and by implication, the Niger Delta region.

Francis Udoka Ndimkoha,

National Publicity Secretary/ Imo State Coordinator, Citizens Quest For Truth Initiative, writes from Owerri.

Email: citizensquest247@gmail.com

CHRSJ plans to drag EFCC, 3 banks to Court over illegal Freeze of Lagos Contractor's Account

     .....Gives 14-days ultimatum for unconditional unfreezing of  the Accounts

A human rights organization,the Centre for Human Rights and Social Justice (CHRSJ) has concluded arrangement to drag the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and three Nigeria banks to Court of competent
jurisdiction  over illegal frozen of bank accounts belonging to one
Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide,a Lagos based Contractor.

The banks to be taking to Court along side anti-graft agency
were;Access Bank,Heritage Bank and Zenith Bank.

The rights group also gave 14-days ultimatum to the anti-graft body
and aforementioned banks to unconditionally unblocking the five
accounts belonging to Engineer Olajide, the Chairman/Managing
Director, OFEM A Construction Company Limited,Ikorodu,Lagos.

It insisted that the rights group would not hesitate after the expiration of the ultimatum to approach the Court of Law to seek
redress for the innocent Nigerian contractor, saying that since
illegal frozen of the accounts, the EFCC and the Banks have made life
unbearable for Engineer Olajide and his entire  household.

Similarly,a Lagos based Lawyer, Barrister Nurudeen Ogbara has written a strong worded Petition Letter dated 23rd of February,2020 to the
Chairman of  the Commission (EFCC),registered its Law firm displeasure over the illegal closure of the bank accounts of the innocent and law
abiding citizen of the Country, Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide.

In a statement signed by the CHRSJ's Executive Chairman, Comrade
Adeniyi Alimi Sulaiman and copies were made available to newsmen on
Tuesday,disclosed that the decision of the Commission to freeze the accounts without thorough investigation, amounted to abuse of due process, diligent investigation and disrespect to the fundamental
human right to fear hearing, declaring that the EFCC and the banks
action were illegal, unconstitutional,satanic, ungodly and abuse of
office/power.

Comrade Sulaiman who stated that the EFCC unjustly blocked the Zenith Bank
Account with number:1012808033, belonging to OFEM A Construction Company Limited, Zenith Bank Account with number 1160025847/2002897156,Access Bank
with number:0717257960 and Heritage Bank with number:1000504714 ,all
belonging to Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide.

Part of the Petition Letter of Ogbara Law firm read thus; "That Tuesday 5th day of February,2019,our clients were seriously astonished and greatly alarmed to discover that the aforementioned four(5)accounts were frozen by EFCC without any Court order or any prior
reference to our clients.

"That our Clients were therefore compelled to immediately go to the
office of the EFCC at Ikoyi to find out the reason why their said four Accounts  were frozen without any lawful justification but no Staff of the Commission  was able to give any clue to our clients who kept
visiting the EFCC office  on daily basis without any explanation for
this action.

"That on Monday, the 18th day of February,2019(18/2/2019),our clients Chairman/Managing Director, Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide was
traced from his office in Ikorodu and eventually arrested and taken to EFCC's office in Ikoyi where he was detained and subjected to a series of interrogations and deprivations as per the freezing of the afore-said
accounts.

"That our clients confidently responded to all questions he was asked in relation to all the accounts and business initiatives and he confirmed that  he submitted a construction bid to the Government of
Adamawa State and he  was optimistic that his bid would be favourably
considered and that he  looked forward to doing business with Adamawa
State Government".

The Letter added that "it was at this stage that the EFCC officers
interrogating him realized that our clients were not even aware that a fraud had been committed in connection with the contract issue but the said officers still kept our clients in the dark and in detention
while they  claimed to continue to investigate the fraud".

It was learnt that Engineer Olajide was transferred to the Zonal
Office of  the EFCC in Gombe where he was illegally detained for few
days before he was given an administrative bail and since then, he has
been urging the anti-graft body to defreeze his accounts through a
Letter dated 12th of November,2019 because he has nothing to do with
acclaimed fraud.

But investigation conducted by CHRSJ revealed that Engineer Olajide was innocent of the whole issue and he was just a victim of
circumstances orchestrated by the immediate past Attorney-General and
Commissioner for Justice in Adamawa State,who has vested interest in the same construction contract for his friend.

But when the former Attorney- General realized that the State
government had concluded arrangement to give the construction contract to the Construction Company of Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide, he
just used his position then to drag EFCC into the matter that lead to
the unjust arrest and subsequent interrogation of Olajide with the aim
of stopping the State government from giving the contract to the Lagos
based Ofem A Construction Company which the then Commissioner for
Justice was achieved.

Sulaiman who doubles as a Convener,Save Lagos Group (SLG), therefore,urged
the Acting Executive Chairman of EFCC,Mr. Ibrahim Magu, to give immediate
directive to the aforementioned banks to unfreezing the affected bank accounts without delaying.

Signed:
Comrade Adeniyi, Alimi Sulaiman,
(Revolutionary Alfa),
Executive Chairman, CHRSJ,
+2348038591504 /+2348022697573


For Confirmation of the Story;

---Barrister Nurudeen Ogbara--08023072749
---Engineer Olufemi Emmanuel Olajide,a Lagos based
Contractor-08023710317/08032115344
---Mr. Adamu,Lagos EFCC IPO-08039693624
---Mr. Yerima,Gombe EFCC IPO-08037768481
---Mr. Chinedu, EFCC Investigation Team Leader in Gombe-08037863533

Group reacts to the Senate Probe of NDDC

…. Says the senate is indirectly raising objections to the forensic audit

An accountability advocacy group, the Citizens Quest for Truth Initiative has reiterate her surprise at what the group termed “unusual interest” of the National Assembly in the tenure of the Interim Management Committee (IMC) of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), as expressed in her last press release.

According to the group, “Citizens Quest, as an accountability advocacy group, would have ordinarily welcomed the probe committee set up by the Senate on 13th May, 2020, but considering the timing, it is hard to accept.”

The group opined that, “this is not for any other reason but the fact that there is currently an on going forensic audit, instituted by President Buhari, on that commission. It is therefore a surprise that the Senate would rather probe an organization already being probed by an arm of the same Government.”

A statement jointly signed by Chief Obiaruko Ndukwe; President Citizens Quest and Francis Ndimkoha its National Publicity Secretary and circulated to journalists stated, “to a large extent, the Senate is not only setting up a conflict of interests with the Executive, but also, indirectly raising objections to the forensic audit.”

The statement further read: “Citizens Quest believes that the Senate could as well move a motion to the effect that whatever area of their interest, if not covered by the terms of reference given to the forensic auditors.

“We are worried that the IMC will rather be distracted in their mandate to the Niger Delta, faced by various probe teams. This is inimical to to the development of the region, which the senate claims to favour. This probe, coming at a time the commission has taken delivery and about to distribute Covid19 Test kits and set up test centers in the 27 Senatorial districts of the region, is anything but well intended.

“Again, we are shocked that a senate that has refused to lend a voice to the clarion call by Citizens Quest and other stakeholders in the Niger Delta region, for urgent attention and completion of the abandoned East-West highway. This is a flagship project of the region, which is now comatose.

“We yearn for an effective NDDC, probably, more than any other individual or group has done in recent times, and we urge the Senate to support the speedy conclusion of the Forensic audit, while allowing the IMC the needed concentration to function.”

The Underdevelopment of the Niger Delta ….Why the restless Hyenas and Jackals are regrouping

Obiaruko Christie Ndukwe

In my first series on the Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC titled: 20 YEAR SIEGE BROKEN, I tried to briefly state what the real issues are beyond the unending petitions, allegations and counter allegations against practically every Management Board that has been inaugurated by President Muhammadu Buhari, since 2015.

For the benefit of those who may have not come across it, I will quickly summarize the issues before dwelling on the second part of the series.

While it is not in contention that the Niger Delta Development Commission is the most plundered of the Federal Government Agencies since its inception, more than 19 years ago, the region is presently the most underdeveloped when placed in consideration with the resources it produces that has sustained the economy of over 200 million people.

And the President ordered for a Forensic Audit of the Commission to ascertain the veracity of the allegations and claims made against several Managements, and all hell has been let loose!

More intense than ever, the petitions and Court cases increased astronomically as the aggrieved Directors and Deputy Directors who were recently transferred out of the Commission's Headquarters doled out thousands of Dollars and millions of Naira brought to bear paid agitators and what best can be described as professional petition writers. These young men who have been grouped as Niger Delta youth organizations have over the past years, become willing tools in the hands of these senior Civil Servants who have developed an attitude of a sense of entitlement, having attained the age of Methuselah in the Commission, from the days of the defunct Oil Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission, OMPADEC.

They have actually turned into a cabal who force the politicians appointed to man the place to do their bidding and have subjugated the Management to make payments to only contracts awarded to their cronies.

It is also no longer a hidden truth that majority of these Civil Servants pay allegiance to the former ruling party, the Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, through which majority of them were employed and transferred to the cash cow commission. For the 19 year period under review, the PDP from inception had controlled the reins of power in the Commission, as such have systematically entrenched a chain of supply of contracts, both real and inflated, and sometimes, imaginary and non existing, to their own benefit, while the aiding workers are rewarded with promotion and other benefits. These set of advanced pilfering rats in the Commission have transformed to the real owners of the land that it had become needless responding to the late legendary music icon, Sunny Okosun in one of his tracks, "Who wants to know who owns the land?"

They have a huge financial war chest, dubiously acquired through the commission, to prosecute their media attacks against whoever stands in their way, or tries to step on their toes, coupled with the backing of the powerful PDP cabal who allegedly paid their way to control the Committees in charge of the NDDC and the Niger Delta at the National Assembly.

The rot at the Headquarters of the Commission cannot be linked only to the senior members of Staff without a mention of the ongoing, ceaseless sleaze perpetuated by those who ought to oversee the workings of the place.

For instance, is it not shocking that a Director in the Finance Department owns a Plastic Factory from where school desks and chairs are produced and he can afford to make approvals to the tune of N40bn in a year? Worse is that these plastic school desks and chairs are not durable and can only last a few months.

But the man in question who was affected by the recent transfers of Senior members of Staff is allegedly one of the sponsors of the series of petitions against the Interim Management Committee and the Minister of Niger Delta Affairs.

Again, another Lawmaker from Ondo State was awarded a contract for a 17km road. The shocking side of the story is that the contract, in a bid, to fall within the purview of the approving authorities, was divided into 11 Lots at the value of N950m each, totalling to the sum of N10. 4bn. Though he is a senior member of the APC and also one of those heading the Committee on NDDC, he has been conscripted into the PDP cabal in the National Assembly, frustrating the development of the region. Not only have they got the support of some APC leaders, they have ensured that the Budget for the region is slashed to a comfortable low where it would be practically impossible for the Federal Government to transform the region, thereby, using it as a campaign and blackmail tool against the President and his team.

It's an orchestrated plot to frustrate the efforts of the ruling APC Government under President Muhammadu Buhari from developing the region. While the NDDC may be getting back on track, after the Audit of the 19 year period, there are still issues that must be resolved before the President can get it right.

The Ministry of the Niger Delta Affairs had Usani Usani as the Minister from 2015 to 2019. Sadly, not much was seen on ground in terms of infrastructural development of the region. The signature project of the Ministry which is the East-West Road has been left comatose, since the exit of former President Goodluck Jonathan. Two years after, Buhari had set up a Presidential Committee to look into the issues surrounding the project and proffer ways on how the road could be completed from sections 1 to 4, from Warri to Oron.

The Committee which was headed by the Minister for Transportation, Chibuike Amaechi had recommended that the project be transferred to the National Sovereign Investment Authority, managers of the Presidential Infrastructural Development Fund, PIDF, formerly known as the Sovereign Wealth Fund, SWF.

Recall that the CEO of the NSIA, Mr Uche Orji was appointed by President Goodluck Jonathan and had since been there, even with the emergence of President Buhari.

In 2017, the Ministry of Finance had released the sum of N19.5b for the payment of debts to the companies handling the road. But till date, the money is yet to be released. President Buhari had gone ahead in 2018 to approve the sum of N100b for the completion of Sections 1 to 4 of the road. Sadly, two years after, while other projects are receiving attention, nothing has been done to commence work on the all important road.

Upon assumption of office as the Minister of Niger Delta Affairs, Senator Godswill Akpabio whose appointment was greeted with a large ovation due to his unrivaled performance as Governor which earned him the title of "The Uncommon Transformer" had pursued the payment of the backlog of debts with accurate velocity but was obstructed by a brick wall. The issues were clear that obviously, some persons were desperate to frustrate the completion of the road. Under the PIDF, there are 5 critical projects which include the Lagos-Ibadan Expressway, East-West Rd, Kano-Abuja Road, 2nd Niger Bridge and the Mambilla Power Station. In all, only the East-West road has been left comatose.

There is a noiselessly deafening plot to undermine the President and those who chose him in preference to Jonathan during the 2015 election. Prominent amongst them is the Minister of Transportation, Chibuike Amaechi who was the Director General of the Buhari Campaign Organization and later, the APC Presidential Campaign Organization. The PDP was and continues to nurse this habitual hatred for the former Governor of Rivers State for his role in torpedoing the fortunes of the party, after a 16 year straight hold on power from 1999 to 2015.

It is clear that those who hail from the Niger Delta region who are working to help Buhari actualize his plans for the people have become the enemies of the opposition party, PDP.

While there are rumors that President Jonathan may seek election in 2023, and with the PDP having a strong hold in the South South and South East, it is crystal clear that one of their major campaign tools in the region would be the inability of the APC Government to complete the East-West Road. So, it is not doubtful that the CEO of the NSIA may be playing the PDP card in order to retain his position or preferably, offered a Ministerial position if the PDP returns to power in 2023.

To this end one is forced to ask if the motive of removing the East West project from the ministry of Niger Delta affairs to the Presidential Infrastructural Development Fund, PIDF isn’t sinister, since it is yet to meet the yearning and aspirations of the people of the Niger Delta region, and going by this continued delay in releasing already approved 19.8 billion as well as the 100billion for the completion of the road project? Again one wonders why the National Sovereign Investment Authority can’t release funds directly to the supervisory ministry for the completion of the East West Road Project just like the Subsidy Reinvestment and Empowerment Program SURE-P did in the last administration and achieved significant results.

The sad reality is that for almost five (5) years President Buhari administration is yet to achieve much developmentally in the south south region and the earlier the rug is pulled off the foots of the PDP remnants like Mr Uche Orji and many others who have turned clog in the wheel of progress in this administration, the more difficult it will be for the president to achieve his development plan in the Niger Delta region.

The agenda to render useless, the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs, MNDA as well as the Niger Delta Development Commission, NDDC both engines with which the federal government drives its developmental agenda can no longer be overemphasized. With the understanding of this orchestrated plan by agents within the region working in connivance with other external conspirators, Senator Godswill Akpabio is leaving no stone unturned, his desire to get these development engines grinding again until the Niger Delta region experiences uncommon development commensurate with her resources.

Written by Obiaruko Christie Ndukwe

Publisher, The Beam Newspaper, Port Harcourt

Email : beamnews@yahoo.com

Facebook : @Obiaruko Ndukwe

“Help a Smartworker” Contest: Lily Emerges First Winner

Mr. Tamunotonye Lily has emerged the winner of the April edition of the “Help a Smartworker” competition, organized by a political pressure group, the Princewill’s Political Associates.

Set up just specially for entrepreneurs, youths and Rivers residents who are engaged in micro business ventures and all forms of smart work in Rivers State, it is the brainchild of PPA leaders and is a mirror programme to its popular sister Organisation, the Princewills Trust the sponsors of the Help a Hardworker programme.  

Lily, whose business proposal on the expansion of his barbing salon business was selected as the most viable, by the panel of judges is the immediate past Director of Persons with Disability in the All Progressive Congress (APC) executives in the PH City Local Government area of Rivers State. His proposal was only just chosen ahead of a well written interior design proposal and one for the opening of a mini restaurant. In his words the Chairman of the Final selection described Lily’s proposal as “a simple proposal, but very smart, very clear, very detailed on impact, limited itself to the available funding. It is our considered opinion that this is a proposal that can reach many in a short time.” 

In his remarks after the live online announcement as the winner of the contest, Lily thanked the Princewill Political Associates for the gesture which he described as a dream come true owing to the fact that it has been his heart desire to expand his barbing business for years. He further called on young entrepreneurs and youths especially politicians to take advantage of this platform to increase and improve their productivity instead of solely relying on politics as the source. He further wished the participants of the May 2020 edition good luck. 

While concluding his remarks, Mr. Lily, prayed God Almighty to reward the Leader of Princewill’s Political Associates abundantly for his love for his people, his state and the country at large. 

Speaking on behalf of Princewill’s Political Associates, Mr. Emmanuel Dagogo congratulated him and also advised him on the need to be a good ambassador for other young politicians in business by putting the prize money into judicious use. He also called on the public to stay safe and stay at home to curtail the spread of Covid 19 which is currently on the rise in the state.

By Nwaorgu Faustinus